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Lab 9: Evolution Since the beginning of the semester we've covered many topics in biology. We explored the characteristics of organisms from many different backgrounds and sizes. We've also learned of the internal components of the cell, how they divide and reproduce. Today's exercise takes into account most of the material learned thus far, and shows us how biology can be used to examine prior norms and predict future trends with Yespect to development. First, we're going to dive in through the background information, then dou'll be provided with an external link that leads to an activity where data can be gathered. A set of questions to be answered can be found on the last page. For additional support and guidance, information on the topic can be found in Chapters 11, 12, and more specifically in Chapter 13 of Norton's Biology Now 3" edition by Anne Houtman. Your lecture is also a primary source. Organisms and their traits: Every organism, whether they are large or microscopic in size, possess a set of qualitative traits that readily identify them. In the previous geneties lab, we examined several phenotypes such as plant length and color. Other characteristics that we had the possibility to explore were stem width, number of branched structures (petal and leaf, if any), and texture (rough vs smooth). Types of selection: Their are several ways by which selection can affect population variation. For instance, the group of species may be subjected to stabilizing directional, diversifying, frequency-dependent, and/or sexual selection. Complex scenarios take multiple of these into account. For example, in the real world, it's possible to witness a compound (at least two or more) of these acting in unison. In the upcoming exercise, you will only observe one of these independently. All forms of selection either decrease, shift, or increase the genetic variance of a population. Figure 1 (below) is a visual representation of some types of selection. Types of Selection Frequency M M Disruptive Directional Stabilang In disruptive selection, the original population is quite literally "split into two groups. If this example represents boak length, as an example, then we should witness two groups in a population (shown in blue color) that have either a short or long size with a very little amount that are counted in the middle. We begin to see two averages and peaks in this type of selection. As time goes on, if disruptive selection continues to be the norm for the population, then eventually speciation may tako
place. Speciation is the formation of a new and distinct species in the course of evolution. If this occurs, there's an increased possibility that these two groups can no longer reproduce with one another, or that their offspring become sterile. Directional selection takes place if one particular trait (longer beak size in this example) prevails dominant in the population. This phenotype is shown in a higher frequency for a good reason. A trait to either extreme such as the far left or far right could be disadvantageous, resulting in lower fitness and survivability. As time progresses, the number of individuals from one side of the x-axis will begin to decline as the opposite end starts to increase in representation. Speciation is less likely to occur in this situation. Thirdly, stablizing selection can be viewed as a reversible trend to directional selection. In this example, the average lies towards the middle ground. Neither extreme (very short or very long beak length) would be beneificial or serve an advantageous purpose for survival. Level of fitness: On a final note, there are additional terms that you should be familiar with as you may have stumbled upon them from your review from the lecture and associated readings in the textbook. Extinction will take place for the subjects that exemplify the most detrimental variation. This means that they will no longer be representative at all in future generations. For any particular trait or characteristic, let us consider a scale from 0 to 1. The first number is carries a probability of 0%, whereas the latter value is 100%. In our example of beak size, depending on the type of selection we choose, the population that is more fit to survive will approach a value of 1, or 100%, and will be the majority group. Likewise, the decline of a trait as it nears a value of 0 will result in possible extinction. In theory, all characteristics that have a genotypic foundation are subjected to this range, or level of fitness. Activity (Material and Methods): We must devote our time to view these trends in the environment around us. This may take place in less than 24 hours, or it may take centuries...or even an entire millenia!! The time it takes depends on several factors, ore important variable to consider would be the type of organism we are looking at. For example, som bacteria can reproduce every two hours, whereas a new generation of offspring are made every 20 years (on average) in some mammalian species. In the interactive demonstration (provided below), you can manipulate a virtual population by choosing one of three modes of selection. Questions in the upcoming section will be based on your understanding of the content, inclusive graphs and obtained data. Fitness & Selection - https://semmedia mhhe.com/graphing interactives/01/interactive-launcher.html? InteractiveName-fitness and selection&acc true Note: You must copy and paste the above link/url to your web browser. If you're experiencing any difficulty accessing the online module, please contact your lab instructor. Thank you! Questions are listed on the next page.
Lab 9: Questionnaire QI. In your own words, provide a definition for each type of selection encountered in this exercise. Q2. Based on your reading from the textbook, and after viewing the lecture, what is your understanding of the term 'natural selection"? Name the historical figure who elucidated this theory of evolution Q3. In the interactive demo, what are is represented on the y-axis? x-axis? Q4. After 50 gencrations, the allele representing dark blue hair color approaches a fitness value of zero. The alternative trait, a hair color of light-sky blue, gets closer to a value of one. What can be stated of the fitness level for this gene that codes for hair color? Q5. What type of selection has a high tendency to result in speciation of a population? A. Disruptive Selection В. Stabilizing Selection c Corruptive Selection D Integrative Selection E None of the above 06. In the following graph, provide a proper label for the area on the x-axis marked as [???? Favorable Phenotypes to a Population 97. Drw/sketch a new line curve that best represents disruptive selection. You can create a new chart if necessary