Answer Happy

1. What taxon was used as the outgroup in this analysis? 2. How many steps are present on this cladogram? 3. Are the seedless vascular plants monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic? How do you know? 4. Are the seed plants a monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic clade? If they are monophyletic, what synapomorphy(ies) define it? 5. Put a circle on the cladogram at around the common ancestor of the vascular plants. 6. Put a square on the cladogram at around the common ancestor of Stoneworts and Lycophytes. 7. Are there any polytomies on this cladogram? If so, label them on the cladogram. If not, write an X to the right of the cladogram (hint: polytomy is an unresolved node - back to phylogenetics material!) 8. What lineage are the ferns most closely related to?