Answer Happy

Is helping always altruistic, or can individuals that help also gain direct fitness benefits? Explain in one or more sentences. Use this pied kingfisher example and explain how individuals benefit from being a primary helper, secondary helper, or delayer. Which behavioral tactic has the highest inclusive fitness? TABLE 13.3 Calculations of inclusive fitness for male pied kingfishers First year Second year m Behavioral tactic у r f orS f Primary helper 1.8 x 0.32 = 0.58 2.5 x 0.50 x 0.54 x 0.60 = 0.41 Secondary helper 1.3 x 0.00 = 0.00 2.5 x 0.50 x 0.74 x 0.91 = 0.84 Delayer 0.0 x 0.00 = 0.00 2.5 x 0.50 x 0.70 x 0.33 = 0.29 Source: Reyer 212 Symbols: y = extra young produced by helped parents; 0 = offspring produced by breeding ex-helpers and delayers; r = coefficient of relatedness between the male and y, and between the male and 0; f = fitness in first year (indirect fitness for the primary helper); f2 = direct fitness in the second year; s = probability of surviving into the second year; m = probability of finding a mate in the second year.