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December 1, 2020 Researchers at Oxford University published a study in The Lancet about human trials of a potential coronavirus vaccine they developed and began testing in April 2020. The research was funded by a £20 million ($24 million) grant from the UK's National Health Service. The vaccine was made from a weakened version of a common cold virus that causes infections in chimpanzees. It was modified to make it impossible to grow in humans. Proteins from the Covid-19 virus's outer coat were then added. "We hoped the body would recognize and develop an immune response to the COVID-19 protein that will help stop the SARS-CoV-2 virus from entering human cells and therefore prevent infection," the University said. In the trial 1,068 volunteers were recruited. They were assigned by a flip of a coin to either be injected with the coronavirus vaccine or to receive a control - a widely available meningitis vaccine. Volunteers, who lived in a variety of locations around the U.K., were then followed for 6 months. The researchers performed laboratory tests each week to determine if the volunteers had contracted COVID-19 (the disease caused by the coronavirus). The following are the results of the study: Number of COVID-19 deaths 15 (2.8%) Number of people Number of cases of COVID-19 People who received the 527 53 (10.0%) coronavirus vaccine People who received the 541 97 (17.9%) meningitis vaccine 31 (5.7%) "Mortality rate is based on the number of people in the study group. Mortality rate can be calculated based on population total or number of cases.

Number of COVID-19 deaths 15 (2.8%) Number of people Number of cases of COVID-19 People who received the 527 53 (10.0%) coronavirus vaccine People who received the 541 97 (17.9%) meningitis vaccine 31 (5.7%) "Mortality rate is based on the number of people in the study group. Mortality rate can be calculated based on population total or number of cases. Question: Are the results of this study an example of correlation or causation? Causation because the subjects were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Causation because the study proves that the vaccine works. Correlation because the data was purely anecdotal. Correlation because the researchers only detected a trend between the vaccine and lower infection rates, but didn't control any variables. It is not possible to tell from the description of this study,