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. Question 1 A study investigated the interaction between two species of aphids (herbivorous insects), and how the presence of a parasitoid wasp affects that interaction. The researchers placed 160 plants in a greenhouse, in individual cages to contain the aphids. Twenty aphids of Species A and/or 20 aphids of Species B were placed on each plant at the start of the experiment. Forty plants were subject to one of the following treatments: Treatment 1. aphid Species A grown alone on food plant, no parasitoids; Treatment 2- aphid Species B grown alone on food plant, no parasitoids; Treatment 3- aphid Species A and B grown together on food plant, no parasitoids; Treatment 4- aphid Species A and B grown together on food plant, with exposure to parasitoid. All plants experienced the same water, temperature, relative humidity, and fertilizer. Parasitoid wasps were placed in the relevant cages in the same abundance. The average abundance of each aphid species over 40 plants was measured after 30 days. . . . The results are shown in the graphs below. Abundance of Aphid Species Grown Alone After 30 Days 80 70 (sienpiapup #) 60 50

ults are shown in the graphs below. Abundance of Aphid Species Grown Alone After 30 Days 80 70 60 50 Average Abuandance (# individuals) 40 30 20 10 0 Species A Species B Species of Aphid

FIGURE 1. AVERAGE ABUNDANCES AFTER 30 DAYS OF TWO APHID SPECIES GROWN ALONE ON FOOD PLANTS Question 1, continued. Abundance of Aphid Species Grown Together With Different Exposure to a Parasitoid After 30 Days 80 Species A Species B 70 60 50 Average Abundace (# individuals) 40 30 20 10 Absent Present Presence or Absence of Parasitoid Wasp

Presence or Absence of Parasitoid Wasp FIGURE 2. AVERAGE ABUNDANCES AFTER 30 DAYS OF TWO APHID SPECIES GROWN TOGETHER IN THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF A PARASITOID WASP A. Identify any independent variables in this experiment. Be specific. B. Identify any dependent variables in this experiment. Be specific. C. Of the many types of interactions between organisms that you have learned about this semester, identify the specific type of biological interaction that is most likely occurring between aphid Species A and aphid Species B in the absence of the parasitoid. Explain how you know this, with reference to specific data from the graphs in your answer. D. Interpret the effect of the parasite on the biological interaction between aphid species. You must reference specific data from the graphs in your answer. Do not just describe the data, and do not add any information that isn't in the graphs.

E. Describe one realistic, potential reason for the results in Figure 2.