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Please let do it fast, (exam)
1) Choose the correct answers. In erythrocytes the glucose enters to the following metabolic pathways: A. Glycogen synthesis. B. Pentose phosphate pathway of glucose oxidation. C. Anaerobic glycolysis. D. Aerobic glycolysis. E. Gluconeogenesis. 2) the affinity of hemoglobin to O2 is regulated by: A. NADH+H. B. NADPH+H. C. Glutathione. D. 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. E. 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. 3)The system of detoxification of active oxygen species in erythrocytes involves: A. Superoxide dismutase. B. Glutathione peroxidase. C. Glutathione reductase. D. Ferrochelatase. E. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. 4). The formation of fibrin clot includes (determine the order of events): A. The cleavage of fibrinopeptides A and B. B. The formation of noncovalent bonds between fibrin molecules. C. The prothrombin activation. D. The stabilization of fibrin gel. E. The retraction of fibrin clot. 5). Carry out the chain task: a) as a result of mechanical or chemical injury of endothelial cells the following is exposed on their surface: A. Thrombomodulin. B. Factor V. C. Transglutamidase. D. Tissue factor. E. Protein C. b) this protein activates the serine protease of the inducing membrane complex: A. Tissue factor. B. Thrombomodulin. C. Protein S. D. Factor VII. E. Factor II. c) the chosen enzyme is activated and converts the proenzyme of prothrombinase complex to active enzyme: A. Factor Xilla. B. Fibrin. C. Plasmin. D. Factor Va. E. Factor Xa.

d) this enzyme as part of membrane complex acts on substrate: A. Fibrinogen. B. Protein C. C. Heparin. D. Prothrombin E. Factor VIII. e) the proteolytic activation of this substrate leads to the formation of: A. Fibrin. B. Activated protein C. C. Factor Xilla. D. Thrombin. E. Factor Villa. f) this protein: A. Is included to enzymatic membrane complex. B. Converts plasminogen to plasmin. C. Forms the complex with heparin. D. Activates the tissue factor. E. Cleaves peptides A and B. g) as the result of this conversion the following compound is formed: A. Plasmin. B. Active transglutamidase. C. Fibrin-monomer. D. T-PA. E. Thrombin. h) this protein is involved in the reaction of: A. Partial proteolysis. B. Phosphorylation. C. Carboxylation. D. Polymerization. E. Conjugation i) as the result of this reaction the following process occurs: A. The formation of white thrombus. B. The aggregation of thrombocytes. C. The retraction of fibrin gel. D. The formation of red thrombus. E. The formation of fibrin gel. 6). Find the correspondence. A. Cleaves the thrombin. B. Is inactivated by heparin. C. Inactivates factors Xa and Vlla. D. Interacts with tissue factor. E. Forms the complex with serine proteases in which they lose their activity. 1. Antithrombin III. 2. a2-Macroglobulin. 3. The inhibitor of tissue factor.

8). Choose the correct answers. The blood plasma proteins: A. Maintain the osmotic pressure of blood. B. Transport O2 and CO2. C. Determine the blood viscosity. D. Perform the protective function. E. Are synthesized in the liver only. 9). Choose the correct answers. Albumin: A. Is synthesized in the liver. B. Transports cholesterol. C. Is bound with bilirubin. D. Is found in extracellular fluid. E. Is negatively charged in blood. 10). Choose the correct answers. In the heme synthesis: A. The substrates are succinyl-CoA and glycine. B. The first reaction occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. C. Two molecules of 5-aminolevulinic acid are condensed with the porphobilinogen formation. D. Ferrochelatase connects the iron to porpho-bilinogen. E. 5-aminolevulinate synthase is an allosteric regulatory enzyme. 11). Choose the correct answers. Porphyrias: A. Induce neuro-psychiatric disorder. B. Are accompanied by photo-sensibilization. C. May occur in the treatment by drugs which are inductors of 5- aminolevulinate synthesis. D. Occur in B6 avitaminosis. E. Are developed in genetic defects of enzymes of heme synthesis. 12). Determine the sequence of events. In the process of exogenous iron assimilation: A. In the intestinal cavity the iron is released from organic acid salts of food. B. Iron enters the blood from intestinal cells. C. In the cells of intestinal mucous the iron is included into ferritin composition. D. Ascorbic acid reduces the iron. E. Transferrin transports the iron by bloodstream. 13). Find the correspondence. A. Includes the cooper ion. B. Interacts with the cell membrane receptors. C. Deposits the iron in cells. D. Is the heme-containing protein. E. Is localized in erythrocytes. 1 Troncforrin

14). Choose the correct answers. The causes of iron-deficiency anemias may be: A. The recurrent bleeding. B. Pregnancy C. Blood clotting increasing. D. The surgical operations on gastro-intestinal tract organs. E. The frequent labor. 15). Complete the sentences with missing words. The excess of iron is accumulated in the cells of protein ... and this leads to .... Accumulation of granules of ... in the liver is accompanied by... , in pancreas - ... , in myocardium - .... 16). Carry out the chain task. a) heme-oxidase system of endoplasmic reticulum converts hemoglobin to: A. Bilirubin. B. Biliverdin. C. Verdoglobin. D. Direct bilirubin. E. Urobilin. b) the reduction of this metabolite by NADPH-dependent reductase leads to the formation of: A. Hemosiderin. B. Direct bilirubin. C. Protoporphirin. D. Bilirubin. E. Stercobilinogen. c) the chosen intermediate product of heme catabolism enters the blood and: A. Is oxidized. B. Is reduced. C. Is conjugated with UDP-glucuronate. D. Binds to albumin. E. Interacts with the transferrin. d) as a result of the previous reaction the following compound appears in blood: A. Direct bilirubin. B. Indirect bilirubin. C. Stercobilinogen. D. Urobilinogen. E. Pyrroles. e) this compound enters the liver and: A. Is reduced by the microsomal system of the endoplasmic reticulum. B. Is hydrolyzed by microsomal hydrolases. C. Conjugates with UDP-glucuronate. D. Enters the reactions of CCP (common cata-bolic pathway). E. Is converted to bile acids. f) this reaction is catalyzed by: A. Ferrochelatase. B. Biliverdinreductase. C. Glucuronyltransferase. D. Hemeoxygenase. E. Glutathione reductase.

g) the chosen enzyme catalyzes the reaction the product of which is: A. Urobilin. B. Stercobilin. C. Direct bilirubin. D. Indiredt bilirubin. E. Protoporphyrin IX. h) this compound: A. Is nontoxic. B. Excreted into the intestine. C. Is a conjugate with glucuronic acid. D. Is excreted with urine and feces from the body. E. Is well-soluble in water. 17). Find the correspondence. A. Is bound to blood albumin. B. Includes Fe3+. C. Is conjugated with glucuronic acid. D. Is excreted with urine from the body. E. Is formed in cells of reticuloendothelial system. 1. Direct bilirubin. 2. Indirect bilirubin. 3. Urobilin. 18). A 47-year-old patient was brought to an emergency department with the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. What lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) fractions activity would prevail in the patients blood serum during the first two days after hospitalization? A. LDH4. B. LDH6. C. LDH3. D. LDH1. E. LDH5. 19). In a patient's blood, the activities of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH4, LDH5), alanine aminotransferase, carbamoyl ornithine transferase are increased. What organ is affected by the pathological process? A. In skeletal muscles. B. In the myocardium (myocardial infarction is possible). C. In the liver (hepatitis is possible). D. In kidneys. E. In connective tissue.

2. The B6 vitamin deficiency is accompanied by the decreased size of erythrocytes, low intensity of coloration, and leads to tissue hypoxia. Explain the role of B6 vitamin in erythrocyte metabolism. For this purpose: a) draw the schematic diagram of the heme synthesis and its regulation; b) write the reaction of heme synthesis in which coenzyme is the Bovitamin derivative. 3. Patient came down with the flu and suffered from dizziness, nausea, convulsive attacks. Ammonia blood concentration is 1 mg/dl. In consideration of influenza virus influence on the liver, what mechanisms of pathological symptoms development? For the answer: a) specify normal ranges of the blood ammonia level; b) write down damaged metabolic process and point out the site of the metabolic block in flu; c) list compounds which would be accumulated in patient's blood; d) describe mechanisms of ammonia toxicity; e) point out cells most suffering from ammonia toxicity. 4. In patients after prolonged hepatitis, the ALT and AST activities were measured in the blood serum. What transaminase activity is increased to a greater extent, and why? For the answer: a) explain the meaning of the enzyme diagnostics; b) draw the scheme of reactions catalyzed by ALT and AST; c) point out coenzyme of these reactions; describe vitamin from which this coenzyme is derived; d) describe the biological importance of this type of reactions in amino acid metabolism; e) specify the demands which are claimed to enzymes been used in enzyme diagnostics. - 5. A 60-year-old man has been smoking since his 30s. After a heated argument with his colleagues in office he experienced an acute pain across his chest, associated with shortness of breath, a sense of light-headedness and sweating. He was rushed to the hospital emergency department, where his electrocardiogram showed changes consistent with an acute infarction. Blood was sent to the laboratory for biochemical tests, including the total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol. The blood lipid levels (in mg/dL) were: TAG - 290, total cholesterol - 325, LDL cholesterol - 245, HDL cholesterol - 25. The patient was treated intensively and got better. Before he was discharged from the hospital, his physician told him that his infarction is the result of a long history of smoking. Explain the conclusion of the specialist. For that: a) explain the functions of lipoproteins in cholesterol transport using the schemes; b) describe the structure of LDL receptor, regulation of its synthesis in the liver and function in cholesterol metabolism; c) name all possible causes of the hypercholesterolemia; d) explain the mechanism of prolonged smoking on the hypercholesterolemia