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The Ingula Pumped Storage Scheme (previously named Braamhoek) is a pumped-storage power station in the escarpment of the Little Drakensberg range straddling the border of the KwaZulu-Natal and Free State provinces South Africa. It is about 22 km North-East of Van Reenen. The pumped storage scheme consists of an upper and a lower dam, each capable of holding approximately 22 million cubic metres of water. For this exercise, four turbines are employed at ingula Pumped Storage scheme and are located 100 m below the upper reservoir. Water enters each turbine at 30 m3/s and at turbine outlets, water is dicharged at 2 m/s to the atmospere at the lower reservoir. Assume that the total head loss in the turbine and penstock system is 20 m and that flow is turbulant with a kinetic energy correction factors, a = 1.06. Estimate the turbine head extracted from the fluid in metres Bedford Dan Surpo shult National grid 100 m Pumping mode during low electricity demand Bramhoek Dan Electricity flow Underground power station Reversible pump-turbines Ingula Generating mode - during high electricity demand