After reading this, write a detailed conclusion: Water is an essential component of life that makes possible the operati
Posted: Mon May 09, 2022 3:53 pm
After reading this, write a detailed
conclusion:
Water is an essential component of life that makes possible the
operation of a large part of the biological processes that are
carried out in all organisms. In turn, the water serves as a
habitat for a huge population of organisms that live in aquatic
environments. Given this dependency, the scientific community was
extremely alarmed by the recent discovery of organic molecules
present in multiple bodies of water and drinking water reservoirs
around the world. These molecules, known collectively as emerging
organic pollutants (EOC's), are shown to be a possible
environmental hazard for numerous aquatic populations that may be
affected by the presence of these pollutants. At the same time,
although the specific effect that many of these pollutants may have
on humans is still unknown, it is thought that they may possibly be
harmful to the human body. In a recent study conducted by a group
of researchers from the "United States Geological Survey", USGS, it
was found that of 1,100 drinking water reserves analyzed, 11%
contained one or more pharmaceutical compounds or hormones. Of
these samples, most did not have a concentration of contaminants
that is considered harmful to the human body. However, one of these
samples was found to have a concentration that was considered
harmful to humans. (Baxfield et al., 2019). However, the presence
of these pollutants does not only affect human beings, since other
studies have also found that these particles have had devastating
effects on populations of aquatic species living in polluted
waters. In one of these studies carried out by the USGS, the
presence of a great diversity of contaminants present in the waters
of the Chesapeake Bay, Boston, was discovered. In particular, a
high concentration of PB's, “Polychlorinated Biphens” and PAHs,
“Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons”, were found in the bay water.
These pollutants have had several effects on the sea bass
population present in the bay, including a increase in the
incidence of contagious diseases, infections caused by parasites
and endocrinological disruptions among others. (USGS, 2012)
Considering the impact that these pollutants have on the
environment, the scientific community has sought different methods
to remove these molecules. One of these methods involves the use of
magnetically charged particles to absorb and remove contaminants
from a body of water. These particles, called “magnetic permanently
confined micelle arrays” (Mag-PCMAs), trap contaminant molecules in
aggregations of hydrophobic structures called micelles. The
synthesized micelles also possess a magnetic switch, which allows
them to be easily removed from a substance through the use of
electromagnetic fields. (Huang et al., 2016) This method has proven
to be very useful in effectively removing contaminants at a low
cost. In a study conducted by Yuxiong Huang and Arturo A. Keller,
an attempt was made to analyze the effectiveness of this method in
removing different types of contaminants. These contaminants have
different chemical characteristics, mainly in terms of the
intermolecular forces present between them and the aqueous solution
to which they were exposed. These characteristics determined to a
certain degree the ease with which the contaminant present in the
solution could be absorbed. In general, it was observed that
ionizable molecules tended to be more easily absorbed the greater
the ionization of this molecule. This ionization can be related to
the pKa of the compound. Also, it was found that non-polar
particles tend to be more easily absorbed the greater the non-polar
character of the molecule. This hydrophobicity is associated with
the Kow value, known as the partition ratio of octanol and water.
These trends were generally observed between the experiments
carried out, so it could also be deduced that this trend was not
followed for certain contaminants such as ethylbenzyl. (Huang and
Keller, 2013) Considering the effectiveness of this method and its
possibility for implementation in real scenarios, this experiment
will seek to analyze how effective this method has been in
different aquatic environments and answer the established question,
"How the properties of the solution affect the absorptivity of the
MAG-PCMA's?” In this way, it is expected to be able to apply what
was found to real scenarios in which several different types of
solutions will have to be decontaminated. To achieve this, a series
of samples obtained from various bodies of water will be used, some
of which include an ocean, lake, river and, as a control group, a
sample of distilled water will be used. In each of these samples, a
water decontamination process will be carried out through the use
of MAG-PCMA's synthesized experimentally. The main factor to be
analyzed is how the pH of the water affects the absorption of these
particles, since the pH of the water can alter the degree to which
a solvent is ionized. In general, it has been found that, as the pH
of water decreases, the degree of ionization of the solute
increases. (Libretexts, 2020) With this in mind, we will seek to
analyze whether there is a change in the speed at which the
contaminant is absorbed and the pH of the solution in which the
particles are found. For this experiment, it is hypothesized that
the absorption of contaminants will be greater in those aquatic
environments in which the pH is less than 7, since contaminants
that have dipole-dipole forces or similar will be able to dissolve
more easily and, therefore, will be absorbed more efficiently.
according to the results obtained from previous studies.
The results of this experiment found that the pH of the water in
the samples absorbs more when its pH is less than 7. Among the four
samples studied, including distilled water, the one with the lowest
pH is fresh river water. In the end, this sample turned out to be
the one that adsorbed the most particles in the fastest time, given
its dipole-dipole intermolecular forces that allow it to dissolve
easily. By comparison, the lake water sample turned out to be the
least acidic, followed by the ocean sample, and then the distilled
water. Similarly, in the order mentioned, was the amount of
adsorption of particles and their speed increasing. Therefore, the
concentration of organic contaminants in the water turned out to be
higher in the river sample and their equilibrium constant was
faster in said sample.
conclusion:
Water is an essential component of life that makes possible the
operation of a large part of the biological processes that are
carried out in all organisms. In turn, the water serves as a
habitat for a huge population of organisms that live in aquatic
environments. Given this dependency, the scientific community was
extremely alarmed by the recent discovery of organic molecules
present in multiple bodies of water and drinking water reservoirs
around the world. These molecules, known collectively as emerging
organic pollutants (EOC's), are shown to be a possible
environmental hazard for numerous aquatic populations that may be
affected by the presence of these pollutants. At the same time,
although the specific effect that many of these pollutants may have
on humans is still unknown, it is thought that they may possibly be
harmful to the human body. In a recent study conducted by a group
of researchers from the "United States Geological Survey", USGS, it
was found that of 1,100 drinking water reserves analyzed, 11%
contained one or more pharmaceutical compounds or hormones. Of
these samples, most did not have a concentration of contaminants
that is considered harmful to the human body. However, one of these
samples was found to have a concentration that was considered
harmful to humans. (Baxfield et al., 2019). However, the presence
of these pollutants does not only affect human beings, since other
studies have also found that these particles have had devastating
effects on populations of aquatic species living in polluted
waters. In one of these studies carried out by the USGS, the
presence of a great diversity of contaminants present in the waters
of the Chesapeake Bay, Boston, was discovered. In particular, a
high concentration of PB's, “Polychlorinated Biphens” and PAHs,
“Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons”, were found in the bay water.
These pollutants have had several effects on the sea bass
population present in the bay, including a increase in the
incidence of contagious diseases, infections caused by parasites
and endocrinological disruptions among others. (USGS, 2012)
Considering the impact that these pollutants have on the
environment, the scientific community has sought different methods
to remove these molecules. One of these methods involves the use of
magnetically charged particles to absorb and remove contaminants
from a body of water. These particles, called “magnetic permanently
confined micelle arrays” (Mag-PCMAs), trap contaminant molecules in
aggregations of hydrophobic structures called micelles. The
synthesized micelles also possess a magnetic switch, which allows
them to be easily removed from a substance through the use of
electromagnetic fields. (Huang et al., 2016) This method has proven
to be very useful in effectively removing contaminants at a low
cost. In a study conducted by Yuxiong Huang and Arturo A. Keller,
an attempt was made to analyze the effectiveness of this method in
removing different types of contaminants. These contaminants have
different chemical characteristics, mainly in terms of the
intermolecular forces present between them and the aqueous solution
to which they were exposed. These characteristics determined to a
certain degree the ease with which the contaminant present in the
solution could be absorbed. In general, it was observed that
ionizable molecules tended to be more easily absorbed the greater
the ionization of this molecule. This ionization can be related to
the pKa of the compound. Also, it was found that non-polar
particles tend to be more easily absorbed the greater the non-polar
character of the molecule. This hydrophobicity is associated with
the Kow value, known as the partition ratio of octanol and water.
These trends were generally observed between the experiments
carried out, so it could also be deduced that this trend was not
followed for certain contaminants such as ethylbenzyl. (Huang and
Keller, 2013) Considering the effectiveness of this method and its
possibility for implementation in real scenarios, this experiment
will seek to analyze how effective this method has been in
different aquatic environments and answer the established question,
"How the properties of the solution affect the absorptivity of the
MAG-PCMA's?” In this way, it is expected to be able to apply what
was found to real scenarios in which several different types of
solutions will have to be decontaminated. To achieve this, a series
of samples obtained from various bodies of water will be used, some
of which include an ocean, lake, river and, as a control group, a
sample of distilled water will be used. In each of these samples, a
water decontamination process will be carried out through the use
of MAG-PCMA's synthesized experimentally. The main factor to be
analyzed is how the pH of the water affects the absorption of these
particles, since the pH of the water can alter the degree to which
a solvent is ionized. In general, it has been found that, as the pH
of water decreases, the degree of ionization of the solute
increases. (Libretexts, 2020) With this in mind, we will seek to
analyze whether there is a change in the speed at which the
contaminant is absorbed and the pH of the solution in which the
particles are found. For this experiment, it is hypothesized that
the absorption of contaminants will be greater in those aquatic
environments in which the pH is less than 7, since contaminants
that have dipole-dipole forces or similar will be able to dissolve
more easily and, therefore, will be absorbed more efficiently.
according to the results obtained from previous studies.
The results of this experiment found that the pH of the water in
the samples absorbs more when its pH is less than 7. Among the four
samples studied, including distilled water, the one with the lowest
pH is fresh river water. In the end, this sample turned out to be
the one that adsorbed the most particles in the fastest time, given
its dipole-dipole intermolecular forces that allow it to dissolve
easily. By comparison, the lake water sample turned out to be the
least acidic, followed by the ocean sample, and then the distilled
water. Similarly, in the order mentioned, was the amount of
adsorption of particles and their speed increasing. Therefore, the
concentration of organic contaminants in the water turned out to be
higher in the river sample and their equilibrium constant was
faster in said sample.