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← Expert Q&A FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 1 [100 Marks] Francis Bacon generally is credited with the line "knowledge is power". It appears that this is one adage that Australia's university managers generally have read, because there is a plethora of surveys, research and professional articles asserting the selective control of communication channels in Australian universities. Despite the rhetoric of openness and transparency, systemic information generally is on a 'need to know' basis in that while issues of importance usually are communicated to staff, the depth of content and strategic knowledge associated with that communication generally is very superficial, and the timing of communications frequently is such that decisions have already been made or at best determined before staff receive their first information. Further, the application of the 'commercial-in-confidence' label is the subject of increasing usage and serves to keep key information in the hands of a select few within the university. Much of the information flow from management to staff occurs through committee and meeting structures or informal conversation, such that management has an additional capacity to determine who knows what and how much about what is going on inside the organisation. Without access to timely and comprehensive information, it is difficult for staff to contribute in creative and innovative ways to the direction and performance of their university. This becomes even more problematic when the 'upward' flow of information and ideas is subject to even more constraints and restraints than the 'downward' flow. Rea (2011:6) reports that in Australia's universities, "many accuse senior managers of not listening to informed advice or criticism ...