Answer Happy

Calcium is an essential mineral that regulates the heart and is important for blood clotting and for building healthy bones. The National Osteoporosis Foundation recommends a daily calcium intake of 1000-1200 mg/day for adult men and women. A retrospective study is being designed to investigate whether there is an association between gender and daily calcium intake by comparing the proportion of males and females with normal bone density, with osteopenia (a low bone density which may lead to osteoporosis) and with osteoporosis using hospital records. a) Is this an observational study or an experimental study? Justify your answer. [2 marks] b) List two potential confounders and why you consider them as confounders. [2 marks] c) List the numerical and graphical summaries appropriate for this analysis. [6 marks] Briefly outline the analysis you would undertake to answer the primary question of interest. You answer must include a statement of the null and alternative hypothesis you are testing. [12 marks] e) Outline the assumptions underlying the analysis you are proposing and how these will be assessed. [3 marks] d)