Answer Happy

Can you please do the answer of the discussion, thank you,
Please let me know if you need more information. thank you.
1. Introduction The Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid flows through a constricted section of pipe. The Venturi effect is named after Giovanni Battista Venturi (1746–1822), an Italian physicist. The Venturi meter (Figure 1) is an instrument for measuring flow rate by using measurements of pressure across a converging-diverging flow passage. The Venturi meter uses the direct relationship between pressure difference and fluid velocities to determine the flow rate. 2. Objectives (a) To determine the flow rate in a pipe system through application of Bernoulli's equation to a flow constriction (b) To compare the calculated and observed flow rates. 3. Instructions Co-conduct the test with your group members and then individually complete and submit individual report online in a week time. 4. Reading Elger et al. (2013) Engineering Fluid Mechanics 12th Edition, sections 5.3, 5.4.13.2 +3+ = 5. Theory Energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another. For fluids, the Bernoulli's equation states that at any point along a streamline the total mechanical energy is constant. That is, 72 P =Constant (1) pg 2g where p/pg + z is the piezometric head and V/2g is the velocity head. So, if the velocity (and hence velocity head) increases then the piezometric head must decrease to maintain a constant total energy or vice versa. By enforcing a geometrical constriction on steady flow in a pipe, an increase in velocity and hence decrease in piezometric head will be induced. Therefore, by observing the change in piezometric head across the constriction the flow rate can be estimated through application of the Bernoulli's equation.
7. Expected Head Loss Due to Flow Meter After examining the internal configurations of the Venturi meter shown in Figure 1, what can you see for the water level in the piezometer at the constricted (throat) section compared to the furthest upstream section? (Lower, Higher or Constant levels). Use the provided box in the report pages to answer to this question. 8. Experimental observations and analysis 8.1. Experimental Apparatus • Steady water supply with means of varying flow rate • Stop watch • Thermometer for measuring water temperature • A constant diameter pipe with a Venturi flow meter installed 8.2. Experimental Parameters Determine the density and dynamic viscosity of water from the measured water temperature using the provided data table in your lecture notes / lab manual / text book. 8.3. Experimental Procedure and Data Collection Enter all collected data into the table provided in the report pages (Table 1). 1. Using the thermometer measure temperature of water and insert all collected data into the table provided in the report pages (Table 1). 2. Turn on the water supply. If there are any air bubbles in the tubes, increase the flow until the water overflows in the piezometers. Then reduce the flow till you can read piezometric head level in all piezometers. * Note: The rise in the Hydraulic Grade Line downstream of the throat showing the recovery of the pressure head when the velocity decreases as the flow enters the large diameter flow cross section. 3. Measure the piezometric head in the piezometers furthest upstream, at the throat (narrowest cross- section) and downstream, i.e. one , five and six. 4. Note that due to unavoidable pressure variations in the water supply the piezometric head will fluctuate a little. Remembering that you require a head drop across the flow constriction to compute the flow rate, be sure to observe both piezometers at the same time to obtain your best estimate of the head drop. 5. Measure the actual flow rate (QA) from the pump outlet, using a known volume and time and take the average of the three measurements. (release the ball to block the outflow and use a stopwatch to record
the time required to collect 5 litres of water). A "field Figure 2. Volume measurement system 6. Reduce the flow rate to its lowest value such that you can still see the piezometric head difference in both piezometers. Repeat steps 2 to 4. 7. Increase the flow rate to a value such that the head difference between the two piezometers would be approximately midway between your average and minimum differences observed above. Repeat steps 2 to 4. 8. Increase the flow rate to a value such that the head difference between the two piezometers would be approximately midway between your average and maximum differences observed above. Repeat steps 2 to 4. 8.4. Data Analysis Enter your calculations into the table provided in the report pages (Table 2). 1. Calculate the ideal flow rate (01). 2. Using your measured actual and computed ideal flow rates determine the discharge coefficient Ca= QAQ. 3. Compute the flow coefficient. K from Cd. 4. Compute the throat Reynolds Number using the actual flow rate Q.). 5. Write all the calculations (for one case). Only the following pages are required when you submit your laboratory report. Hence, previous 1.-1.1.L.-L ... TL... -- 41. 1. ---IL. 1 TI...
Table 1: Experimental Parameters Parameter Value Unit Pipe diameter at furthest upstream, Di 0.025 M Pipe cross-sectional area at furthest upstream, A1 490.87 mm2 Throat diameter, D2 10 M Throat cross-sectional area, A0 78.53 mm2 Water temperature, T 27 Water density, 996.5 Water dynamic viscosity, u 0.85 Expected Head drop/rise at venturi?
Table 2: Experimental observations and calculation Case 4 Units Case 1 Case 2 Case 3 Volume lit 5 5 5 5 5 Time sec 33.83 32.91 30.78 Actual Flow rate MB/s (01) 0.154 Piezometer 1 (hi) 270 Piezometer 5 (h) 77 Head Drop (Ah) 0.193 Piezometer 6 (he) TT 147 1 * 78.53 Ideal Flow Rate 0.1548 12 * 78.532 490.872 V2 * 9.81 * 0.193 Discharge Coefficient (Cd) 0.99 Flow Coefficient 0.9948 12 * 78.532 490.872 1.007 Reynolds Number (Re) 9242.7