In a report by ABC News, the headlines read “City Living Increases Men’s Death Risk” The headlines were based on a study

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In a report by ABC News, the headlines read “City Living Increases Men’s Death Risk” The headlines were based on a study of 3,617 adults who lived in the United States and were more than 25 years old. One researcher said, “Elevated levels of tumor deaths suggest the influence of physical, chemical and biological exposures in urban areas... Living in cities also involves potentially stressful levels of noise, sensory stimulation and overload, interpersonal relations and conflict, and vigilance against hazards ranging from crime to accidents.” Is a conclusion that living in an urban environment causes an increased risk of death justified?

A. Yes, because the study was a randomized study.
B. Yes, because many of the men in the study were under stress.
C. No, because the study was a retrospective study.
D. No, because the study was an observational study.