Fossil fuels are used for generating more than 50% of electricity in country X. There is an increasing awareness of the

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Fossil fuels are used for generating more than 50% of electricity in country X. There is an increasing awareness of the impacts of global warming, acidification, eutrophication and photochemical smog on the environment and human health as a result of the combustion of fossil fuels. Golden Light is the company responsible for operation and maintenance (O&M) of street lights in some major cities of country X. The street lights are made of a set (pair) of 400W MH (metal halide) lamps and consume electricity at a cost of $0.30 per kWh. Golden Light employs 25 skilled staff to manage the O&M activities at an average annual salary of $(50,000 + 1600) per employee. Under Environmental Impacts Mitigation protocol, the government of country X is now required to reduce environmental impacts (such as global warming, acidification, eutrophication and photochemical smog) significantly and has advised Golden Light to switch over to green lamps Golden Light has identified 100W LED lamps as a substitute and they wish to make their decision on the basis of environmental, economic and social benefits. Here are some properties of LED lamps. LED lamps do not contain or contain low concentrations of mercury, lead or other toxic materials LED lamps do not emit UV radiation and interestingly, it does not attract insects. LED lamps have a defined beam angle and no upward waste light LED lamps have a longer life span. Most materials used to manufacture LED lamps are fully recyclable Due to the longer life span of LED lamps, Golden Light would have to reduce the number of O&M staff to 15 with an average annual salary of $(50,000 +1760) per employee. Your task is to compare both options and provide assessments on environmental, economic and social impacts to Golden Light Use relevant emission characterization factors (type 1) to perform the following tasks . .
B K materials Mecury per kg Glass per kg Aluminiu per kg Plastic per kg Copper per kg Ceramic per kg Zinc per kg Silicon per kg Steel per kg Tin per kg Lead per kg Electricity per kWh Diesel-Pre per kg Diesel-Co per MJ Biodeisel per litre D E F G H 1 COZ CH4 N20 SO2 NO2 Eutphicatior C2H2 11,9 0.00683 0.000241 65.9 19.3 0.00505 0.00772 8.46E-01 6.26E-04 1.52E-05 1.15E+00 5.27E100 7.01E-04 3.14E-04 1.85E+01 1.58E-02 1.23E-03 9.56E+01 6.54E+01 9.15E-03 1.00E-02 1.75 0.00393 0.00000116 21.7 15.5 0.00214 0.00855 5.65 0.00456 0.000314 23.9 17.9 0.00244 0.00204 0.349 0.000865 0.00000319 0.954 1.08 0.000143 0.00019 6.25 0.00575 0.000315 42.8 31.1 10.0193 0.00510 2.06 0.00994 0.0000807 21.5 7.42 0.00133 0.0238 2.71 0.00363 0.00103 8.51 12.8 0.00224 0.00392 28.6 0.0212 0.00209 384 164 0.0265 0.0133 1.99 0.00382 0.0000859 39 10.9 0.0131 0.0036 0.812 0.000294 0.000171 2.25 2.59 0.000365 0.00031 0.648 0.00191 0.00000732 1:41 0.000305 0.00141 0.0841 0.0000446 0.00000621 0.00000621 1.42 0.000202 0.000202 0 0.00004 0 0 0 0 2.4E-07 1.69
(a) Calculate the global warming, acidification, eutrophication and photochemical smog impacts from the production and use of LED lamps for street lights over a period of 8 years. The functional unit is the number of street light poles. The functional unit is 80 (b) Similarly, calculate the global warming, acidification, eutrophication and photochemical smog impacts from the production and use of MH lamps for the same functional unit and for same number of years. (c) Determine the economic benefits / losses and carbon tax avoided / incurred due to the proposed substitution. Country X's government has imposed a carbon tax @ $20.00 per ton of CO2 e- emissions (d) Calculate the impacts on salary and jobs due to this proposed substitution. (e) Develop a TBL (triple bottom line) matrix utilizing the results of this comparative study. An example of a TBL matrix is what was created in Task 2 (Reflective Journal 2, Question 2). (1) Discuss any 2 major findings from the TBL analysis of the two lamp products (g) Discuss 2 sustainability concepts that are promoted in the development of LED lamps.
. Duration of operation of street lights per night - 10 hours 1 kWh 3.6 MJ Diesel cost $1.57/liter . . Heating value of diesel = 38 MJ/liter Data for LED lamps: Cost of each 100W LED lamp is $(200+ 2 x the sum of the last 2 digits of your UTC ID). Each has a life of 8 years The following materials/energy are required to manufacture each 100W LED lamp im Aluminum-150g Plastic-75g Glass - 50g Copper-35g Ceramic-28g Silicon Sealant-66g Zinc-10g Tin-40g Lead-2g Steel-100g Electricity 75 M) The life of each MH lamp is 2 years . Cost of each 400W MH lamp is $135.00+ the sum of the last 2 digits of your UTC ID) . Cost of safe disposal of metal halide lamp is $15.00 per lamp . Diesel operated lift truck, which is used for replacement of lamps consumes an average 4 liter diesel per MH lamp . Following materials/energy are required to manufacture each 400w MH lamp Glass-195g Steel-42g Mercury-50mg Copper-10g Electricity-40 MJ Notes: . Use relevant emission characterization factors (type 1) uploaded on canvas. Please pay attention to units and carryout necessary conversions to maintain the same units for the calculations. Global warming Impact (Kg CO, e-) = 1 x Kg CO₂ +28 x Kg CH. + 265 x Kg N₂O Acidification Impact (Kg SO₂ e-)=1x kg 50, +1.4 x NO, . Photochemical smog impact (Kg CaHa e-)= 1x Kg C₂H: +0.006 x Kg CH₂ ● Data for MH lamps: .